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The Vedic Brahmanism - Shaivism and Vaishnavism, favoured
family life and deified instinct of sex as Kama and the female in union with
him as his consort Rati and held them in great reverence. Buddhism advocated
renunciation and Jainism to its extreme. The Indian art vision was not,
however, subservient to metaphysical principles of any of these faiths. The art
tradition perceived temple as the microminiaturised manifestation of the
cosmos. Cosmos is the manifest form and the outer frame of the Formless Supreme
Who pervades it without and enshrines within. In exact analogy, the outer frame
of the temple is the material manifestation of the cosmos, and as enshrines the
Formless Supreme within the cosmos so the deity does within the temple -
sanctum sanctorum. Obviously, this outer frame should have all that the cosmos
has - all its passions, emotions, instincts, frailties, or even perversions.
Hence, it is least surprising that Jain temples at
Khajuraho have as much abundance of sex panels as have Brahmanical temples. The
tradition may be traced back to Ajanta and in early Mithuna sculptures of Gupta
art. Ajanta does not have scenes of coition, kissing or embracing, but in
sensuous modeling of its female figures even this religious art is not far
behind. In Brahmanical temples of Khajuraho, this aspect is more thrusting.
Brahmanism divided life into four stages - artha, money, kama, sex or love,
dharma, right path, and moksha, salvation and prescribed that one might neither
attain right path nor salvation unless passes through the stages of artha and
kama. Vaishnavism further widened the cult. It perceived love and creation as God's prime attributes. Hence, in human love Khajuraho artists discovered reflection of God's divine act. Shaivism conceived love as enlivening energy generated by union and interaction of male and female generative factors. Shaktism seems to have inspired the Khajuraho art most. Kaul Kapalika sect, a Tantrika expansion of Shaktism, emphasized that body was most intimately linked with mind and soul and, hence, the factors that motivated the body and charged inherent energies also charged and elevated mind and soul. Kapalika tantrikas believed that sex, instinct to love, Kama, was body's integral part, or rather its enlivening strength, major source of motivation, which charged in sexual union prepared body, and thereby soul and mind, for harbouring all pleasurable sensations which finally led to parmananda, state of transcendental ecstasy, when ego disappeared and self united with and merged into universal or cosmic self, and yoni-sadhana, methodically performed sexual union using principles of Yoga, was its most appropriate instrument, and Khajuraho, perhaps, its best laboratory.
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